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Which country is hawaii inWhich country is hawaii in -
Hawaii occupies a unique place in US history - a set of islands 2, miles 4,km away from the mainland where in , white businessmen and sympathetic politicians, with help from the US military, overthrew a constitutional monarchy.
The coup leaders hoped to be immediately annexed, but President Grover Cleveland rejected the idea, calling US involvement in the overthrow an "embarrassment". Three years later, a treaty failed in the Senate after lobbying by the deposed Queen Liliuokalani as well as tens of thousands of petitions from Hawaiians opposing the move.
But the next year, with fighting in the Pacific during the Spanish-American war and a new president in office, Congress passed a joint resolution annexing Hawai'i.
US military might and a welcoming government in the Republic of Hawaii helped complete the process. But if countries could be simply annexed by another's legislature, Chang says, "Hawai'i by its legislature could declare the United States was part of it. While the US has formally apologised for their role in the overthrow of the Kingdom - a Congressional resolution admitted as much - there's been no word from the US government about whether the annexation was legal.
The court agreed to hear the case but ultimately made no ruling, saying it could not even consider the issue because "the United States of America is not a party to the proceedings and has not consented to them". Sai is also among those who believe that race or ancestry has no place in a Hawaiian bid to be free of the US. The Hawaiian Kingdom was a multi-ethnic government, and that's how it should remain, he says, something that wouldn't happen under federal recognition.
What everyone can agree on is the hurt done to Native Hawaiians. Peter Apo says he spent almost half of his 75 years "not knowing who the hell I was". He's now one of the trustees of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs, a state agency. By the time of the overthrow in , the Hawaiian population had gone from at least , to less than 40, people - all in the space of a century, in part because of diseases introduced into the islands.
After annexation, students were not allowed to speak Hawaiian in school, and the language almost died out as a result. Kahoolawe, an island considered spiritually important to Hawaiians, was used as test-bombing site by the US army until the s. Unexploded ordnance still remains on the island even after a clean-up attempt. And today, many health indicators for Native Hawaiians are the worst of all the ethnic groups in Hawai'i.
McGregor says the previous generation of Hawaiian activists struggled for the cultural and political gains Native Hawaiians have managed so far and younger Hawaiians take it for granted.
She thinks federal recognition is needed. Joshua Lanakila Managuil, a young activist who is running for a seat on the 'aha, says he's lucky to be the product of a Native Hawaiian cultural and political renaissance, but he's worried about the ramifications of federal recognition. He points to the uneven and largely difficult situation of Native Americans.
Apo has written a number of editorials calling for a native Hawaiian government for the purposes of federal recognition. He suggests such a government could "carve out a duty free port of call", and be able to do business with other nations. But Apo says he can see where the opposition is coming from. While pro-independence Hawaiians dominated the microphones during interior department's hearings over the summer, the breakdown of the written comments was different.
The 'aha is going forward after a federal judge ruled the organisation running the election, Na'i Aupuni, was sufficiently independent of the Office of Hawaiian Affairs to make it a private election, despite receiving funds from the agency through an intermediary. Once elected, delegates will meet for 40 days and end in April. There is division within the independence movement whether to engage with the 'aha at all, says Managuil.
He and others "are putting ourselves into the mix in order to protect the rights of our people," Managuil says. Despite Na'i Aupuni's reassurances, pro-independence Hawaiians feel that the 'aha is simply a vehicle to push federal recognition. Apo has a clear preference, but whatever happens, he says, "at least it will be something that Hawaiians decided.
Image source, AP. By Taylor Kate Brown. Go home. Laulani Teale, left, and Liko Martin, right, sing while Palani Vaughan, centre rear, holds up a copy of Queen Liliuokalani's protest of the overthrow of Hawaii during a Honolulu interior hearing. Image source, Getty Images. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience.
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